Affirmative 中文

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符号E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/5

标题Working paper on the concept of affirmative action / prepared by Marc Bossuyt.

获取English: E_CN.4_Sub.2_1998_5-EN - PDF ; Español: E_CN.4_Sub.2_1998_5-ES - PDF ; Français: E_CN.4_Sub.2_1998_5-FR - PDF ; Русский: E_CN.4_Sub.2_1998_5-RU - PDF ; العربية: E_CN.4_Sub.2_1998_5-AR - PDF ; 中文: E_CN.4_Sub.2_1998_5-ZH - PDF ;

日期Geneva : UN, 3 June 1998.

描述

9 p.

备注

Bibliography: p. 9

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At OYA, we are committed to achieving an equitable and diverse workforce within our agency through affirmative action and equal employment opportunity measures. We know a diverse workforce brings a welcome variety of perspectives about important issues and is essential for providing the sensitivity and awareness we need to appropriately deliver services to youth and establish critical relationships with our many community partners. For more information check out the OYA Affirmative Action Plan and the State of Oregon’s Affirmative Action policy.

Affirmative 中文

此条目論述以美国為主,未必具有普世通用的觀點。
協助補充內容以避免偏頗,或討論本文的問題。

肯定性行动(英語:Affirmative action),又稱為優惠性差別待遇矯正歧視措施等,是指依據肤色、種族、宗教、性别、國族出身[1],給予這些少数群体或弱勢群體優待的一种手段,從而達到各族群享有平等的权利。

肯定性行动主要集中于就业、教育、工程承包和医疗方案,如入學的種族配額及選舉的性別配額等,藉此避免少數族群在就業和教育上受到不公平對待。但這種措施也時常引起逆向歧視等爭議。

起源[编辑]

“肯定性行动”一词最早在美国使用。

它最早出现在1961年3月6日,美国总统约翰·肯尼迪签署第10925號行政命令,用来照顾少数族裔和弱势群体的优惠措施。

1965年,林登·约翰逊总统颁布行政命令11246,标志着“肯定性行动”正式出台。要求国防工程承包商雇佣工人时,不得考虑种族、宗教信仰和籍贯。

1967年,约翰逊总统又发布行政命令11375,将性别歧视也纳入“肯定性行动”范畴。在其他国家也有相应的措施,例如印第安人的保留地,英国的积极差別待遇,并在加拿大的就业平等。

參見[编辑]

  • 少數民族加分(中國大陸)
  • 原住民加分(臺灣)
  • 美國的平權法案
  • 1964年民權法案
  • 逆向歧視
  • 加州209法案、SCA5
  • 亚裔配额
  • 南北分卷

参考文献[编辑]

  1. ^ Executive Order 11246--Equal employment opportunity. The Federal Register. [5/2/2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-03-30).

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  • Other members

    [...] preferred to retain the draft articlein the affirmativedrafting proposed by the Special [...]

    Rapporteur.

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    其他委员赞成保留特别报告员所拟的表示肯定的 条草案

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    (c) if the answer to (a) isin the affirmative,whether the Administration will consider introducing legislation to ban the use of mobile telephones while driving motor vehicles?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (c) 若 若若 若(a)項的答案為肯定 項的答案為肯定 項的答案為肯定 項的答案為肯定,當局會否考慮立法禁止在駕車時使用手提電話?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    At first

    [...] sight, article 20, paragraph 5, of the Convention seems to answer thisin the affirmative.

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    表面看来,《公约》第 20 条第 5 款似乎对此作出肯定的回答

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    In this connection, will the executive authorities inform this Council whether they have assessed if follow-up actions are

    [...] [...] required to ensure that Hong Kong residents can exercise the freedom of assembly as guaranteed under Article 27 of the Basic Law; if the assessment result isin the affirmative,of the details of the follow-up actions taken; if the assessment result is in the negative, the justifications for that?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    就此,行政機關 可否告知本會,有否評估當局須否採取跟進行動,以確保香港市民可行使《基 本法》第二十七條所保證的集會自由;若評估為須採取跟進 動, 當局所採 取的行動為何;若評估為無須採取行動,理據為何?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    We also asked, if

    [...] the answer isin the affirmative,whether the [...]

    reasons should be given in a manner similar to that prescribed

    [...]

    under the UK Companies Act 2006 (UKCA 2006), viz. mandatory where there is a refusal; or similar to the case of transmissions by operation of law under section 69(1A) of the CO, viz. the prospective transferee is entitled to call on the company to provide reasons for the refusal to register him as a member while the company is required to register the transfer if it fails to furnish reasons within 28 days after receipt of the request.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    我們亦問 及,如答案肯定的話, 應否按照類似英國《2006 年公司法》 所訂明的方式提出理由,即凡拒絕登記者都必須提出理由;抑或 [...]

    仿效《公司條例》第 69(1A)條所載有關藉法律的施行而獲傳轉股 份情況的處理方式,即容許受讓人有權要求公司提供拒絕登記其

    [...]

    為成員的理由,有關公司如未能在該項要求提出後的 28 日內提 供理由,則須登記該宗轉讓。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    In this connection, will the executive authorities inform this Council whether they have assessed if it is in compliance with the Basic Law to specify in the Chief Executive Election Ordinance (Cap. 569) that where a vacancy arises in the office of the Chief Executive before the expiry of a full five-year term, the Chief Executive elected to fill such a vacancy will only serve out the term of office of the

    [...]

    preceding Chief Executive; if the

    [...] assessment result isin the affirmative,whether they will [...]

    amend the Ordinance to that effect;

    [...]

    if they will not, of the reasons for that; if the assessment result is in the negative, of the justifications for that?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    就此,行政機關可 否 告 知 本會,有否評估在《行政長官選 舉條例》( 第 569章 ) 作 出如下規定是否符合《基本法》:若 行政長官

    [...]

    職位在整 個 5年任期屆滿之 前 出缺,當 選以填補該空 缺的行政長官將 在任至

    [...] 上任行政長官任期的原先屆滿日為止;若評估結果為《基本法》,為此修訂該條例;若 不會,原因為何;若評估結 [...]

    果 為不符合《基本法》,理 據為何?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    The Commission also recalled that an in-session working group chaired by Switzerland, acting as host country for

    [...] [...] the Committee on Natural Mineral Waters, had met during its present session to review the written comments received and provide recommendations to the Commission on whether the amendment to the Codex Standard on Natural Mineral Waters was necessary and,in the affirmative,how to proceed.

    codexalimentarius.org

    codexalimentarius.org

    食典委还忆及,瑞士作为天然矿泉水委员会主持国主持召开的 会议期间工作组在本届会议期间举行了会议,审议收到的书面意见,并就是否有必要修 正天然矿泉水法典标准,和如有必 如何 行事,向食典委提出建议。

    codexalimentarius.org

    codexalimentarius.org

    (b) If the answer to (a) isin the affirmative,please consider whether the proposed new definition of “preserved account” should be revised as the current drafting seems to suggest that the different contributions [...] [...]

    are mixed in such preserved account.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (b) 如 (a)項的答 覆是肯定的話,請考慮應否修訂“ 保留帳戶” 的擬議新 定義,因為現時的草擬方式似乎意指不同 供款會混合存 放 於該等 保留帳戶內。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    If the answer isin the affirmative,we will certainly assess the safety and serviceability of the buildings concerned according to the inspection [...] [...]

    outcome and our professional knowledge.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    如果是的,我 們當然 是會根據檢查 結果, 按 我 們 的 專 業 知識判斷是 否 安 全 , 以 及是否可繼續使用。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (b) if the answer to (a) isin the affirmative,what are the reasons for changing its previous stand; and what the specific mechanism for consultation will be?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (b) 若立場肯定有改變 若立場肯定有改變 若立場肯定有改變 若立場肯定有改變,政府基於甚麼原因改變原來立場 ,政府基於甚麼原因改變原來立場 ,政府基於甚麼原因改變原來立場 ,政府基於甚麼原因改變原來立場 ,以及 具體 機制將 ,以及諮詢的具體機制將 ,以及諮詢的具體機制將 ,以及諮詢的具體機制將 會如何?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    With regard to whether we had conducted investigations by virtue of the Security Regulations, the answer isin the affirmative.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    至於我們過往有否根據保安規例作出調查,答案是有的,但我在此不能 向大家披露詳細情形。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (c) if the answer to (b) isin the affirmative,whether the Government regards the situation of students applying for deferment of payment of their tuition as an indicator reflecting their affordability to pay the tuition; if so, whether it will review the rate of increase of tertiary tuition; if not, whether it can provide any explanation in regard to the problem of students applying for deferment of their tuition mentioned above?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    反映 反映 反映;若然 ;若然 ;若然 ;若然,當會否重新 檢討大專學生的學費增幅 ,當局會否重新檢討大專學生的學費增幅 ,當局會否重新檢討大專學生的學費增幅 ,當局會否重新檢討大專學生的學費增幅;若否 ;若否 ;若否 ;若否,當局可否解釋 ,當局可否解釋 ,當局可否解釋 ,當局可否解釋 學生申請延期繳交學費所反映的問題?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    In his view,

    [...] the answer to that question wasin the affirmative.

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    他认为,对这一问题的答复是肯 定的

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    (c) whether they have assessed if the "big envelop for operating expenditure" arrangement (that is, the arrangement under which government departments have to bear the operating expenditure of

    [...] [...] their public works) has impeded SWD and other government departments in applying for "government, institution and community facilities" sites and converting vacant government properties to other uses; if the assessment result isin the affirmative,what improvement measures the Government has put in place; if the assessment result is in the negative, of the reasons for that?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (三 ) 有否評估“經營開支大信封”的安排(即政府部門須承擔其工 務工程的經營開支的安排)有否對社署及其他政府部門申請 “政府、機構和社區設施”用地和改建政府空置物業作其他 造成影響;若評估的結果為有影響,政府有何改善措施; 若評估的結果為沒有影響,原因為何?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (c) the measures and legislation in place to regulate the level of noise emission and the operation areas of

    [...] [...] vessels, in order to minimize the noise nuisance caused by vessels to coastal residents; whether it has assessed if there is a need to step up regulation; if it has and the assessment result isin the affirmative,of the options under consideration?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (三) 現時有何措施及法例規管船隻發出噪音的水平和行駛的範圍,以 盡量減低船隻噪音對近岸居民造成滋擾;有否評估須否加強規 管﹔若有評估而結果為有需要,當局正考慮哪些方案?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (d) if the answer to (c) isin the affirmative,whether consideration will be given to adopting other kinds of medical treatments for patients who cannot afford to pay [...]

    for the injections; if so, what the costs

    [...]

    of such kinds of treatment are?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (d) 若 若若 若(c)項的答案為肯定 項的答案為肯定 項的答案為肯定 項的答案為肯定,對於無法負擔注射費用的患者 ,對於無法負擔注射用的患者 ,對於無法負擔注射費用的患者 ,對於無法負擔注射費用的患者,會否考慮採用其他醫 ,會否考慮採用其他醫 ,會否考慮採用其他醫 ,會否考慮採用其他醫 治方法

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (c) whether the authorities have assessed if the environmental pollution problem affecting the

    [...] [...] areas around the NYMTTS will in the long run have an impact on the image and operation of the future West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD); if the assessment outcome isin the affirmative,whether the authorities will consider expediting the plan to relocate the New Yau Ma Tei Public Cargo Working Area (PCWA) adjacent to the NYMTTS, and of the details [...] [...]

    of the relocation schedule; if it has not conducted an assessment, whether it will do so?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (三 ) 當局有否評估長遠而言,新油麻地避風塘一帶的環境污染 情況,會否影響日後落成的西九文化區的形象及運作;若 評估的結果為會,當局會否研究加快避風塘旁的新油麻地 公眾貨物裝卸區的搬遷計劃,時間表為何;若沒有評估, 會否進行有關的評估工作?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    I wonder if the Secretary, or you, Madam Deputy, or Honourable Members are aware that if youngsters aged below 18 in secondary schools are asked whether they have gambled on horse races before, many will replyin the affirmative.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    我不知道局長、代 理主席或各位議員是否知道,如果你們嘗試在一些中學內詢問一些不足 18 歲的青少年曾否賭馬,我可以告訴你們,其中有很多青少年也會說曾經賭 馬。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    Of those Member States that respondedin the affirmative,four submitted copies of the relevant laws.

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    在作出肯答复的会员国中,有 4 个提供了相关法律的副本。

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    This question was answeredin the affirmativeby Assemani, more recently [...]

    by the Oriental scholar Nau, and last of all by

    [...]

    Lebon, who has devoted an important work, full of evidence from unpublished sources, to the establishment of this thesis.

    mb-soft.com

    mb-soft.com

    这个题是在最近由Assemani肯 ,更 由瑙 东方学者,最后来源,全部由莱,谁花了一个重要的证据的工作,充分未发表的论文中建立的。

    mb-soft.com

    mb-soft.com

    If the answers arein the affirmative,then I think [...]

    the debate today may well end here because according to the amendment

    [...]

    proposed by Mr LEE, any discussion on the accountability system before universal suffrage is fully introduced would be meaningless, thus rendering it unnecessary for us to spend time debating whether the accountability system should be implemented.

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    如果 答案 肯 定的話 那 我覺得我們今天對修正 案 的 辯 論 可在此結 束 , 因 [...]

    為 按 照 李議員修 正 案 的 建 議,在 進 行全面 普 選以前 ,任何就 問 責 制的討 論都沒 有 大意義, 我們亦無須花 時 間 辯 論 修 正 案。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    For the sake of

    [...] transparency, she personally would reply to that questionin the affirmative.

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    为了透明起见,埃斯卡拉梅亚 女士对此的回答是定的

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    (c) as the staff of the HKTB are given a pay rise between 2% and 8% in the current financial year, whether the authorities have

    [...] [...] reviewed if the pay adjustment of the HKTB staff should be linked to the performance of Hong Kong's tourism industry; if the findings of the review arein the affirmative,whether the Government will request the HKTB to consider, in the light of the performance of Hong Kong's tourism industry, freezing the pay of all [...]

    its senior staff?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (三) 鑒於旅發局員工在本財政年度獲加薪 2%至 8%,當局有沒有檢 討旅發局員工的薪酬調整是否應與本港旅遊業的表現掛鈎;如 果檢討結果為應予掛鈎,政府會不會要求旅發局因應本港旅遊 業的表現,考慮凍結該局全體高層職員的薪酬?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (c) given that despite forecasting a 6% growth for this year's GDP, the Financial Secretary still needs to exercise stringent control over

    [...] [...] expenditure in order to achieve fiscal balance, whether or not the authorities have assessed if this situation reflects that the above Article is self-contradictory; if the assessment result isin the affirmative, how the authorities will address the issue; if the assessment result is in the negative, of the justifications for the finding?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (三 ) 財政司司長預 測 本 年 本 地生產 總值增長 率 達 6%, 但為求收支 平 衡 , 他 仍 須 緊 縮 開 支 , 當 局 有否評 估 這情況是 否 反映上 述 條文有 自相矛盾之 處 ; 若 評 估 為有矛盾, 當 局 如 何 處 理 該 問 題 ; 若 評 估 為沒有,理據是甚麼?

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (b) whether it has assessed if it is illegal to sell "parallel imports" as "authorized products"; if the assessment result isin the affirmative,of the relevant penalties; whether apart from making refunds, the persons-in-charge of the shops have to bear other legal liabilities; whether the shops which are uncovered to have sold "parallel imports" as "authorized products" may continue to operate; in the past three years, of the respective numbers of complaints received and prosecutions instituted in respect of such sales practice, the number of inspections carried out to check whether [...] [...]

    there is such sales practice in the market, as well as the number of shops which have repeatedly been complained for selling "parallel imports" as "authorized products" or of which the persons-in-charge have repeatedly been prosecuted for such sales practice

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (二 ) 有否評估以“水貨”充當“行貨”出售的行為是否違法;如評 估的結果為是,相關的刑罰為何;除了退款以外,店鋪負 責人是否還須承擔其他法律責任;被揭發以“ 水貨” 充當 “行貨”出售的店鋪是否仍可繼續經營;過去3年,當局接獲 涉及該等銷售行為的投訴和檢控數字分別為何、當局採取 過多少次行動巡查市面上有否該等銷售行為,以及多次被 投訴以“ 水貨” 充當“ 行貨” 或負責人多次因該等銷售行為 而被檢控的店鋪有多少間

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    Invites the Director-General to establish a group of experts (category VI)

    [...] [...] and to report to it on this matter at its 34th session, availability of funds permitting, in order that the General Conference may decide on the desirability of a charter, a draft of which would,in the affirmative,be submitted to it at its 35th session.

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    如果获得必要的资金,请总干事成立一个专家小组(第 VI 类),就此问题向大 会第三十四届会议提交一份报告,以便大会就 定宪 章的 可行性作出 定, 宪章 草案将提交大会第三十五届会议。

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    (e) whether the CB should

    [...] make it obligatory for a company to give reasons explaining its refusal to register a transfer of shares (Question 5(a)); and ifin the affirmative, themanner of giving the reasons (Question 5(b)).

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    (e) 《公司條例草案》應否規定公司須提出理由解釋為何拒絕登 記股份轉讓( 問題 5(a)) ;如答案是肯的話,應以哪一種方 式提出理由( 問題 5(b)) 。

    legco.gov.hk

    legco.gov.hk

    Invites the Executive Board at its 189th session, to analyse the completed feasibility study and to decide on its behalf on the granting of category 2 status to the said Centre and to authorize the Director-General to sign the agreement between

    [...]

    UNESCO and the Government of Sri Lanka, in establishing the Centre, provided the

    [...] feasibility study isin the affirmative.

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    请执行局第一八九届会议分析研究所完成的可行性研究报告,就授予该中心第 2

    [...] 类中心地位独立作出决定,并且如果可行性研究的结果赞成建立该中心,即授权 总干事签署教科文组织与斯里兰卡政府之间关于建立该

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    unesdoc.unesco.org

    When seised of a request for an advisory opinion, the Court must first consider whether it has jurisdiction to give the opinion requested and whether, should the answer bein the affirmative,there is any reason why the Court, in its discretion, should decline to exercise any such jurisdiction in the case before it (

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org

    在处理提供咨询意见的请求时,法院必须首先考虑其是否有权根据请求提供 咨询意见,如答案是肯定的,法院还须行使裁量权考虑有无理由拒绝对该案行使 管辖权(《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性,咨询意见,1996 年国际法 院案例汇编(一)》,第 232 页,第 10 段;《在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的 法律后果,咨询意见,2004 年国际法院案例汇编㈠》,第 144 页,第 13 段)。

    daccess-ods.un.org

    daccess-ods.un.org